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Links to other sites with APA citation information:
Landmarks
Citation Machine and Citation
Style for Research Papers
Linds to sites giving information on in text citation Citing References
in text: Citing
References in Your Paper
and Citing
Sources Within Your Paper
Differences
There are many differences, but a few similarities, between APA
style and MLA style. APA is traditionally used in scientific, social
science, and psychology papers. MLA is used in humanities papers.
Both lists are double spaced, organized alphabetically, and have
the second and additional lines indented (hanging indent). The main
differences are listed below, but for specifics see each individual
listing in the APA Publication Manual, 5th edition:
| |
MLA |
APA |
| Title: |
Works
Cited |
Reference
List or References |
| Author: |
Full
names of authorsare used. |
Full
last name is used with first and middle initials |
| Et al. |
When
there are more than three authors, list the first and use et
al (and others) |
When
there are more than six authors, list the first six and use
et al (and others) |
| Multiple
Authors: |
First
author name is inverted |
All
author names are inverted |
| Publication
Date: |
Publication
date follows publisher |
Publication
date in ( ) follows author name(s), year first, then day and
month |
| Dates: |
Abbreviate
all months but May, June, July |
Spell
out all months |
| Titles: |
All
words in a title are capitalized |
Only
proper nouns and the first words of title are capitalized |
| Article
Titles: |
Article
titles are enclosed in quotation marks |
Article
titles are treated like titles, but not underlined or put in
quotation marks |
| Titles: |
Titles
are underlined. |
The
first Title is in italics |
| URLs: |
URLs
are enclosed in < > and ended with a period |
URLs
are not enclosed and are not completed with a period |
| Punctuation: |
There
is no period after the name of a periodical |
There
is a period after the name of any periodical |
| Graphics: |
You
must cite the graphic as such following the format: "Name
of Graphic." Graphic. Web Page Title. Access date <URL>. |
If you
are citing a graphic, photograph, or map from the web, you do
not need to site it separately, just cite the web page/site |
|
Be
sure to note the particulars for citing encyclopedias and
subscription databases
|
| |
| Print
Book |
| One
or Two Authors |
Lee, H.
(1982). To kill a mockingbird. New York: Warner Books.
AuthorÕs Last Name, Initials. (Publication Date). Title of
book. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Hopper, H.,
& Gwunn, P. (2006). Fun with physics. New York: Harper
& Row.
Author 1Õs Last Name, Initials., & Author 2Õs Last Name, Initials.
(Publication Date). Title of book. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
(If there are more than 6 authors, use et al. after the 6th
author.) |
| Corporate
or Government Authorship |
Amerian
Psychiatric Association. (2006). Reports on selected topics.
New York: Author.
Name of Corporation
or Organization. (Publication date). Title. Place of
Publication: Publisher the same as author.
National
Institute of Mental Health. (2005). Training programs for
treating seriously ill mental patients (CHHS Publication
No. ADM88-1523). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Government author. (Publication Date). Title (Document
#). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
| Book
(author and editor & editor only) Š For books with editors
and no authors, follow the author example using (Ed.). or (Eds.).
after the name. When citing a chapter in a book that has
an editor, use the phrase: In Editor name (Ed.), Title. |
Gibbs,
J.T. (2007). Books for children of all ages (F.W. Hudson,
Ed.). New York: Dover.
AuthorÕs Last Name,
Initials. (Publication Date). Title (EditorÕs initials.
EditorÕs Last Name, Ed.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Bevinton, D. (Ed.). (2004). The complete works of Shakespeare.
Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
EditorÕs Last Name,
Initials.(Ed.). (Publication Date). Title. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Bjork, B.
(2007). Mark Twain's truth. In Harold Bloom (Ed.), Twain
the novelist (pp. 54-93). Seattle: Bloom's Press.
AuthorÕs
Last Name, Initials. (Publication Date). Article or chapter
title. In Book Editor (Ed), Title of book (page
numbers of the article or
chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
| Encyclopedia
article with author, if there is no author, begin with the article
title followed by the date. |
Gillingham,
J. (2001). Norman conquest. In The world book encyclopedia
(Vol. 14, pp. 455-6). Chicago: World Book, Inc.
Author's Last Name,
Initials. (Publication Date). Title of article. In Encyclopedia
title (Volume #, page #). City of Publication: Publisher.
|
| Magazine,
Scholarly Journal or Newspaper article Š Magazine or journal
titles are capitalized |
Crickmer,
B. (2006, April). Can we control spending? Nation's Business,
43, 22-24.
A long smoldering summer? (2006, June 21). Science News,
28-31.
Schwartz, J. (2005, September 30). Obesity affects economic,
social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Author's Last Name,
Initials. (Publication Date). Title of article. Magazine,
Journal or Newspaper Title, Volume #, Pages. |
| Electronic/Internet
Š See notations regarding the use of DOI (Digital Object Indentifier)
when citing online journal articles. When a DOI is used, or
if the content will not be updated, you do not need to include
the retrieval date. |
| Subscription
Database - Online Encyclopedia or other reference book article |
|
Chiru. (2006). In Funk and WagnallÕs new world encyclopedia.
Retrieved April 15, 2003, from EBSCOHost.
Rogers, F. (2005). Southern flying squirrel. In Encyclopedia
of animals. Retrieved February 15, 2005, from EBSCO Animals
database.
Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Date). Title of
article. In Title of encyclopedia. Retrieved date Month
Day, Year, from Database
name.
(The publication or update date is reversed: year, month date,
but the retrieval date is month day, year.)
|
| Subscription
Database - Magazine/Scholarly Journal/Newspaper |
Schaller,
G. B. (2005, May). Realm of the snow antelope. Natural History,
48. Retrieved from EBSCOHost.
Author's Last Name,
Initials. (Publication Date). Title of article. Title of
magazine, journal, or newspaper (Volume and issue number
(if available), pages). Retrieved from Database name.
Stein, H. (2003, April 9). Pre-emptive blitz set to meet threat
of West Nile. The Oregonian. Retrieved from Newsbank
database.
Author's Last Name,
Initials. (Publication Date). Title of article. Title of
newspaper (Letter to the editor, if appropriate). Retrieved
from Database
name. |
| Internet
- Magazine/Scholarly Journal/Newspaper article on the web |
Rivlin
G. (2006, November 11). Leader of the free world. Wired Magazine.
Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/
Bohannon, J. (2006, October). The human genome in 3D. Science
Magazine, 73. doi:10.1037/9432
Winik, J. (2007, March 3). A brief history of the resistance.
New York Times on the Web. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/3/3/opinion/16WINI.html
AuthorÕs Last Name,
Initials (if provided). (Publication date). Title of article.
Magazine Title, volume #, if given, page # if given.
Retrieved date,
from URL
(If you believe that the online article is an exact duplicate
of the print version, you do not need to include the retrieval
date. If the article indicates the DOI use it and you do not
need to give either the retrieval date or the URL.) |
| Professional
or Organizational Web Page Š If citing an online dictionary
or encyclopedia, give the home or menu page URL. |
Reid-Walsh,
J. (2006, March 30). The Jane Austen home page. Retrieved
from University of Wisconsin Web site: http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/lss/jane/janeausten.htm
Author's Last
Name, Initials. (if given) (Publication or Revision Date). Title
or description of page. Retrieved from Name of Institution
or Sponsoring Organization: URL |
| Personal
Web Page |
Lowe, W.
(2006, November). Pro death penalty web page. Retrieved
March 22, 2007, from http://www.wesleylowe.com/cp.html
Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication or Revision Date).
Title of page. Retrieved Date, from URL
(You include the retrieval date because the information may
be updated at any time.) |
| Video/DVD
|
Amazon
rainforest [Videocassette]. (2005). N.p.: National Geographic,
Inc.
Discovering Spain [DVD]. (2006). N.p.: Questar Video
Communications.
[Author/Narrator's Last Name, First Name, Writer, Director,
Producer] (Release Date). Title of video [Media Description/Format].
Location
of Distribution: Distributor.
(Citation formats for video vary. Your goal is to provide enough
information to identify your source. The information in square
brackets shows some of the additional information you might
supply. Describe their role in parentheses.) |
| |
For more information
see:
American Psychological
Associtation. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association. (5th ed). Washington,
D.C.:
Author.
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